Stunning before-and-after photos show the seven most dramatic changes in Trump's controversial White House makeover She was a respected Teacher of the Year finalist... until she lost everything when Charlie Kirk was killed. Inside Andrew's family summit: How Fergie wailed and'melted down' at title loss, Beatrice and Eugenie were'blindsided' and now daughters' assets face'ethics check' to avoid more scandal: BARBARA DAVIES I have no sympathy for Britney Spears. What if her latest stunt had killed a kid? It's time to admit the truth about this public menace: KENNEDY'Nazi texts' leakers UNMASKED: Alleged White House saboteurs are finally exposed... and so is their twisted motive for destroying political prodigy Extraordinary story behind GM's decision to ax much-loved CarPlay... and sinister reason ALL manufacturers will follow What is Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease... the devastating condition that killed 9-1-1 Nashville actor Isabelle Tate Bijou Phillips files to change daughter's name after ex Danny Masterson's rape conviction Treasure hunters seeking Nazi gold worth £200MILLION believe they have'found the real thing' after'monumental' discovery under remains of SS palace'brothel' Former Gambino mob boss'Sammy the Bull' Gravano reveals the truth behind the NBA betting scandal My wife won't get a job and I feel broken trying to provide for our family. Hold on, says DEAR CAROLINE... that's bad enough but your letter raises a MUCH bigger red flag I got the body of my dreams at 51 by following 9 simple rules, says beauty guru ROSIE GREEN.

--The paper presents the Source Code Analysis and Lexical Annotation Runtime (SCALAR), a tool specialized for mapping (annotating) source code identifier names to their corresponding part-of-speech tag sequence (grammar pattern). SCALAR's internal model is trained using scikit-learn's GradientBoostingClassifier in conjunction with a manually-curated oracle of identifier names and their grammar patterns. This specializes the tagger to recognize the unique structure of the natural language used by developers to create all types of identifiers (e.g., function names, variable names etc.). SCALAR's output is compared with a previous version of the tagger, as well as a modern off-the-shelf part-of-speech tagger to show how it improves upon other taggers' output for annotating identifiers. The code is available on Github 1 Index T erms --Program comprehension, identifier naming, part-of-speech tagging, natural language processing, software maintenance, software evolution I. I NTRODUCTION The identifiers developers create represent a significant amount of the information other developers must use to understand related code. Given that identifiers represent, on average, 70% of the characters in a code base [1], and developers spend more time reading code than writing [2], [3], it is important for researchers to better understand of how identifiers convey information, and how they can be improved to increase developer reading efficiency.

Statistical topic modeling is widely used in political science to study text. Researchers examine documents of varying lengths, from tweets to speeches. There is ongoing debate on how document length affects the interpretability of topic models. We investigate the effects of aggregating short documents into larger ones based on natural units that partition the corpus. In our study, we analyze one million tweets by U.S. state legislators from April 2016 to September 2020. We find that for documents aggregated at the account level, topics are more associated with individual states than when using individual tweets. This finding is replicated with Wikipedia pages aggregated by birth cities, showing how document definitions can impact topic modeling results.

Federated learning (FL) is vulnerable to backdoor attacks, where adversaries alter model behavior on target classification labels by embedding triggers into data samples. While these attacks have received considerable attention in horizontal FL, they are less understood for vertical FL (VFL), where devices hold different features of the samples, and only the server holds the labels. In this work, we propose a novel backdoor attack on VFL which (i) does not rely on gradient information from the server and (ii) considers potential collusion among multiple adversaries for sample selection and trigger embedding. Our label inference model augments variational autoencoders with metric learning, which adversaries can train locally. A consensus process over the adversary graph topology determines which datapoints to poison. We further propose methods for trigger splitting across the adversaries, with an intensity-based implantation scheme skewing the server towards the trigger. Our convergence analysis reveals the impact of backdoor perturbations on VFL indicated by a stationarity gap for the trained model, which we verify empirically as well. We conduct experiments comparing our attack with recent backdoor VFL approaches, finding that ours obtains significantly higher success rates for the same main task performance despite not using server information. Additionally, our results verify the impact of collusion on attack performance.

Relation extraction is crucial for constructing knowledge graphs, with large high-quality datasets serving as the foundation for training, fine-tuning, and evaluating models. Generative data augmentation (GDA) is a common approach to expand such datasets. However, this approach often introduces hallucinations, such as spurious facts, whose impact on relation extraction remains underexplored. In this paper, we examine the effects of hallucinations on the performance of relation extraction on the document and sentence levels. Our empirical study reveals that hallucinations considerably compromise the ability of models to extract relations from text, with recall reductions between 19.1% and 39.2%. We identify that relevant hallucinations impair the model's performance, while irrelevant hallucinations have a minimal impact. Additionally, we develop methods for the detection of hallucinations to improve data quality and model performance. Our approaches successfully classify texts as either 'hallucinated' or 'clean,' achieving high F1-scores of 83.8% and 92.2%. These methods not only assist in removing hallucinations but also help in estimating their prevalence within datasets, which is crucial for selecting high-quality data. Overall, our work confirms the profound impact of relevant hallucinations on the effectiveness of relation extraction models.

Gold Treasure Worth a Fortune Was Hidden in a Forest. For years, Jason Rohrer put out bizarre, beloved video games. Now, with Project Skydrop, he launches the real-world treasure hunt of his dreams. The muddy trail levels out and we stop to catch our breath. Which is good, because hiking with my eyes covered has been a pain in the ass. A voice says: "You can take your blindfold off now." I squint as I get my bearings. Then, after a bit more hiking and some bushwhacking, I finally see it. The thing no one is supposed to know the location of, at least for another few weeks. I have to fight a lizard-brain instinct to reach for it.

Large Language Model (LLM)-based recommendation systems provide more comprehensive recommendations than traditional systems by deeply analyzing content and user behavior. However, these systems often exhibit biases, favoring mainstream content while marginalizing non-traditional options due to skewed training data. This study investigates the intricate relationship between bias and LLM-based recommendation systems, with a focus on music, song, and book recommendations across diverse demographic and cultural groups. Through a comprehensive analysis conducted over different LLM-models, this paper evaluates the impact of bias on recommendation outcomes. Our findings reveal that bias is so deeply ingrained within these systems that even a simpler intervention like prompt engineering can significantly reduce bias, underscoring the pervasive nature of the issue. Moreover, factors like intersecting identities and contextual information, such as socioeconomic status, further amplify these biases, demonstrating the complexity and depth of the challenges faced in creating fair recommendations across different groups.

In the advanced field of bio-inspired robotics, the emergence of cyborgs represents the successful integration of engineering and biological systems. Building on previous research that showed how electrical stimuli could initiate and speed up a jellyfish's movement, this study presents a groundbreaking approach that explores how the natural embodied intelligence of the animal can be harnessed to address pivotal challenges such as spontaneous exploration, navigation in various environments, control of whole-body motion, and real-time predictions of behavior. We have developed a comprehensive data acquisition system and a unique setup for stimulating jellyfish, allowing for a detailed study of their movements. Through careful analysis of both spontaneous behaviors and behaviors induced by targeted stimulation, we have identified subtle differences between natural and induced motion patterns. By using a machine learning method called physical reservoir computing, we have successfully shown that future behaviors can be accurately predicted by directly measuring the jellyfish's body shape when the stimuli align with the animal's natural dynamics. Our findings also reveal significant advancements in motion control and real-time prediction capabilities of jellyfish cyborgs. In summary, this research provides a comprehensive roadmap for optimizing the capabilities of jellyfish cyborgs, with potential implications in marine reconnaissance and sustainable ecological interventions.

Semantic textual similartiy (STS) and information retrieval tasks (IR) tasks have been the two major avenues to record the progress of embedding models in the past few years. Under the emerging Retrieval-augmented Generation (RAG) paradigm, we envision the need to evaluate next-level language understanding abilities of embedding models, and take a conscious look at the reasoning abilities stored in them. Addressing this, we pose the question: Can retrievers solve reasoning problems? By transforming reasoning tasks into retrieval tasks, we find that without specifically trained for reasoning-level language understanding, current state-of-the-art retriever models may still be far from being competent for playing the role of assisting LLMs, especially in reasoning-intensive tasks. Moreover, albeit trained to be aware of instructions, instruction-aware IR models are often better off without instructions in inference time for reasoning tasks, posing an overlooked retriever-LLM behavioral gap for the research community to align. However, recent decoder-based embedding models show great promise in narrowing the gap, highlighting the pathway for embedding models to achieve reasoning-level language understanding. We also show that, although current off-the-shelf re-ranker models fail on these tasks, injecting reasoning abilities into them through fine-tuning still appears easier than doing so to bi-encoders, and we are able to achieve state-of-the-art performance across all tasks by fine-tuning a reranking model. We release Reasoning as Retrieval Benchmark (RAR-b), a holistic suite of tasks and settings to evaluate the reasoning abilities stored in retriever models. RAR-b is available at https://github.com/gowitheflow-1998/RAR-b.

The current state-of-the-art (SOTA) for automated text-to-SQL still falls well short of expert human performance as measured by execution accuracy (EX) on the BIRD-SQL benchmark. The most accurate methods are also slow and expensive. To advance the SOTA for text-to-SQL while reducing cost and improving speed, we explore the combination of low-cost fine tuning, novel methods for diverse retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) and new input and output formats that help large language models (LLMs) achieve higher EX. We introduce two new methods, Dubo-SQL v1 and v2. Dubo-SQL v1 sets a new record for EX on the holdout test set of BIRD-SQL. Dubo-SQL v2 achieves even higher performance on the BIRD-SQL dev set. Dubo-SQL v1 relies on LLMs from OpenAI, but uses the low-cost GPT-3.5 Turbo while exceeding the performance of the next-best model using OpenAI, which instead uses the more expensive GPT-4. Dubo-SQL v1 exceeds the performance of the next-best model using GPT-3.5 by over 20%. Dubo-SQL v2 uses GPT-4 Turbo and RAG in place of fine tuning to push EX higher.